Gellner also states that nations are not formed through ideology or proto-jingoism, but through its necessity for the existence of a modern and industrialized society. It accounts poorly for national movements of, It fails to account for either nationalism in non-industrial society and resurgences of nationalism in. Nationalism, a term which has been defined in various ways and still continues to nurture the debate around it, is one of the strongest forces in the world as we know it today. Notes * The author of this article is Research Professor at IKERBASQUE, the … Print. The premise of the modernist theory is that nations have occurred as a natural result of modernity. London: Pluto, 2010. [5] Modernity, by changes in political and economic system, is tied to the popularization of education, which, in turn, is tied to the unification of language. To prepare the framework for the empirical research, I will dedicate the first part of the article to the comparative analysis of modernist theories of nationalism. "Ernest Gellner and the "Constructivist" Theory of Nation." All rights reserved. [12], "On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism", "Gellner's Theory of Nationalism: A Critical Assessment", "The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism", "Nations and Nationalism: Questioning Ernest Gellner's Theory", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gellner%27s_theory_of_nationalism&oldid=989868359, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Central monitoring of polity, with extensive bureaucratic control, National identification as abstract community, Cultural similarity as a basis for political legitimacy, Anonymity, single-stranded social relationships. [1][2], Thomas Hylland Eriksen lists these as "some of the central features of nationalism" in Gellner's theory:[1], Gellner also provided a typology of "nationalism-inducing and nationalism-thwarting situations". What is viewed as modern society is often considered to have developed in parallel to industrialisation, and so can… Inquiries Journal [Online], 8. Gellner is considered one of the leading theoreticians on nationalism. N.p., n.d. Web. Modernity is used to base around theories of nations and nationalism. N.p., n.d. Web. Theorists of this ilk are referred to as using modernist or developmentalist approaches. To Gellner, nationalism comes from the fabrication of recognition, not any shared pre-existing characteristics.This is in direct conflict with the pre-constructivist idea that nations already existed before their more tangible manifestation. The form of extended kinship that stemmed from the family was the nucleus around which the national community was formed. Available: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460. On the other, nationalism and power politics are inherently intertwined... Confucianism was one of the dominant political philosophies of Imperial China. [1][2] Gellner discussed nationalism in a number of works, starting with Thought and Change (1964), and he most notably developed it in Nations and Nationalism (1983). Many proponents of the leading Modernist theory of nationalism would suggest that nationalism could not … This conflicts with the traditional constructivist view that civil societies can exist outside the bounds of a nation. With the modern events concerning nationalism in Scotland, it is worth asking how Scottish nationalism was formed. The conception of the nation has shifted dramatically, from the proto-jingoist conservatism of the ‘primordial nation’ of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Johann Gottfried Herder and the German nationalist school of thought they represent to the constructivist ‘imagined community’ of Benedict Anderson and the ‘congruence principle’ of Ernest Gellner to the militant anti-nationalism of Thongchai Winichakul’s notion of the artificed ‘geo-body’ and the Marxist ‘bottom-up’ nation of Eric Hobsbawm. Inquiries Journal, 8(10). They lack a modern self-sustainable economy, have divided authorities, and use multiple languages resulting in many groups being unable to communicate with each other. Save Citation »  (Works with EndNote, ProCite, & Reference Manager), Finkel, M. (2016). The most common form of theories on nations and nationalism are based around modernity. Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. His interpretation of nationalism is affected by the Thai history of nationalism and his experiences as a dissenter. Home | Current Issue | Blog | Archives | Over the years, the emergence of right-wing... China’s rise as a global power has major implications for the future of free speech and media censorship both within and outside the People’s Republic. Thongchai Winichakul, Ind. Theories, such as the Modernist theory of nationalism, should only be consulted after the evidence is examined and evidence should never be molded to fit a modern idea. Most theorists of nationalism are modernists: they regard nationalism as an essentially modern phenomenon. 8 No. "Ernest Gellner’s Nations and Nationalism: A Book Critique." [1] O'Leary refers to the theory as "the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism". Disclaimer: content on this website is for informational purposes only. This article summarizes its expression and development before considering its strengths and weaknesses. The Independent. Modernist approaches are what they are referred to by theorists. Mgab. Print. In the immense field of scholarly work regarding defining nationhood, a raging debate exists between the conservative view of … There is not a specific date belonging to this theory as the key features often listed as the cause of modernity … An Examination of Nationalism, Gender, and Membership in the Nation, Realism and Arab Nationalism: An Uneasy Partnership, Pragmatic Nationalism and Confucianism: The New Ideology of the CCP, Fascism: A Political Ideology of the Past, Has the U.S. Constitution Reached its Expiration Date? Ernest Gellner’s Nations and Nationalism: A Book Critique. [1][2] His theory focused on the political and cultural aspects of that transition. modernist theories had statistically significant results, which do not always support the corresponding hypotheses. The Nationalism Project: Homepage. Winichakul, Thongchai. Finally, I examine how Darwinian social evolutionary theory can help fruitfully bring the ethno‐symbolic and modernist perspectives together. [2], Gellner criticised a number of other theoretical explanations of nationalism, including the "naturality theory", which states that it is "natural, self-evident and self-generating" and a basic quality of human being, and a neutral or a positive quality; its dark version, the "Dark Gods theory", which sees nationalism as an inevitable expression of basic human atavistic, irrational passions; Elie Kedourie's idealist argument that it was an accidental development, an intellectual error of disseminating unhelpful ideas, and not related to industrialisation and the Marxist theory in which nations appropriated the leading role of social classes. Hobsbawm believes that, nations are fundamentally “situated at the point of intersection of politics, technology and social transformation.” 13 They only exist within the context of social and economic development and evolve because of this development and the mass standardization of practices, nations are not a pre-existing bond between a people group. Gellner defined nationalism as "primarily a political principle which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent"[3] and as, the general imposition of a high culture on society, where previously low cultures had taken up the lives of the majority, and in some cases the totality, of the population. [2], Gellner's theory has been subject to various criticisms:[2], Philip Gorski has argued that modernization theorists, such as Gellner, have gotten the timing of nationalism wrong: nationalism existed prior to modernity, and even had medieval roots. This chapter engages with one of the central discussions in the study of nationalism, the debate about the modernity or antiquity of nations and nationalism. Learn more | Blog | Submit. Independent Digital News and Media, n.d. The specificity of the case studies used to generate theories of nationalism also served as a bias, due to the difficulty inherent in a universal theory of defining the nation derived from unique and specific cases. The most common form of theories on nations and nationalism are based around modernity. 2016. "From the Archives: Eugene Genovese on Eric Hobsbawm." He states that, “A mere category of persons (say, occupants of a given territory, or speakers of a given language, for example) becomes a nation if and when the members of the category firmly recognize certain mutual rights and duties to each other in virtue of their shared membership of it. Gellner's theory of nationalism was developed by Ernest Gellner over a number of publications from around the early 1960s to his 1995 death. The Question of why/whether the concepts of nation and nationalism are modern phenomena in relation with the birth and development of both nation and nationalism. Additionally, nationalist and anti-nationalist political climates in the scholars’ home countries influenced their level of antagonism towards the mythologizing of the nation and the conservative primordialist school of thought. His Marxist philosophies colored his perception of the working class as having an agency of identity independent from the power of the elites. 14 May 2015. O'Leary refers to the theory as "the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism". [2] His theory is modernist. Anderson theorised within the context of a dominant constructivist narrative on the topic of nationalism and with an academic focus on Southeast Asia and Indonesia in particular. Studies show that political parties have in fact become more divided ideologically than ever, and more Americans that belong to one... http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460, Navigating the Leftist Spectrum in Argentina: An Economic Classification of the Kirchner Era, Who Makes a Nation? Down the ballot, across state and local elected offices, women are underrepresented in their communities. He agrees with the idea of the nation as an imagined community, one defined by its recognition of itself and not any tangible bond.7 Thongchai’s contribution to the field of nationalism academia lies in his interpretation of the nation through what he terms the “geo-body,” the delineation and formation of a nation’s territory.8, Thongchai states that nationalism is dependent on the finite nature of a nation demarcated by its borders. It fails to take into account either the role of war and the military in fostering both cultural homogenisation and nationalism or the relationship between, This page was last edited on 21 November 2020, at 14:04. It is a fundamentally new feature of modern life since states in previous times were not organised on nationalist lines. Theorists of this ilk are referred to as using modernist or developmentalist approaches. "Unlikely Reds Under the Bed." The constructivist school of thought is in no way a uniform reaction to the jingoist nationalism of primordialist thinkers. Modernist Theory of Nationalism as can be seen with the reestablishment of a Scottish Parliament in 1997. This is done by a sustained engagement primarily with the theories of Anthony Smith and Ernest Gellner pointing to how Darwinian social evolutionary theory can provide a link between the two theories that makes them mutually supportive rather than opposed. Benedict Anderson believes that both primordialist thinking and Marxist constructivist philosophy cannot endure in the face of the fundamental paradoxes of defining the nation, which he believes to be the objectivity of historical treatment versus subjective antiquity for nationalists and jingoists, the existence of formal universality among all nations versus the uniqueness of each nation’s manifestation, and the political power of a nation versus its philosophical poverty.3 For Anderson, primordialist thinking regarding the nation fails to stand up to the objectivity of historical treatment while Marxist thinking regarding the conception of the nation doesn’t take into account the philosophical poverty of the nation. Industry and print language played an important role, which would make it easy for Anderson to fall into the trap of his own paradox of national definition, the existence of formal universality among all nations versus the uniqueness of each nation’s manifestation. Gellner stipulates that nationalism is a completely necessary mechanism in the process of modernization because he believes that industrialism requires that social and political boundaries become congruent. Hobsbawm states that, in order to understand the nation, it must be analyzed from a bottom-up perspective. My most sincere thanks to my colleague John K. Walton (University of the Basque Country) for his invaluable suggestions and comments in drafting the final text. Moreover, the views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of Inquiries Journal or Student Pulse, its owners, staff, contributors, or affiliates. Influence. Ernest Gellner’s is the best-known modernist explanatory theory of nationalism. The study of nationhood through the lens of territory is vital in explaining the formation of the nation through political geography as the concept of nation cannot be separated from that of sovereignty and the value of territory. This colors his observations because the formation of southeast asian nations was, in large part, independent of racial or ethnic homogeneousness. The theory of multiple modernities does not deal with nationalism per se but nationalism can be seen as one of cultural programmes, a modern form of human self-reflexivity with the nation at the centre of societal self-understanding (Ichijo 2013). Web. However, upon further examination, it becomes clear that this recent rise of Scottish nationalism is merely the latest spike of nationalism that has existed as a continuum in Scotland since at least the thirteenth century. It misreads the relationship between nationalism and industrialisation. This article takes issue with the modernist position. Cite References Print. He was heavily influenced by the social constructivist movement during the spread of socialism and its subsequent collapse and his work must be viewed in this political context. Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1460, Finkel, Matt. These borders define what is of the nation and what is not and identifies the outermost limits of national identity. [5] However, as modernization spread around the world, it did so slowly, and in numerous places, cultural elites were able to resist cultural assimilation and defend their own culture and language successfully. The nation is not natural or pre-existing, but it is necessary for uniting state with culture. "Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation." Eriksen notes that "nobody contests Ernest Gellner's central place in the research on nationalism over the last few decades". Anderson believes that the nation is imagined because members of this nation don’t know most of their compatriots but still have a communal image; it is built based on recognition of commonality, not the commonality itself. A clear and definitive change in the conception of the ‘realness’ of the nation can be seen throughout the historiographical study of nationalism. Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation. The modernist theory is that nations exist because of the natural result of modernity. 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Theories of Nationalism The Israeli Experience as a Test Case Jonathan Spyer Abstract: The field of general theories of nationalism has been a subject of frequent reference for scholars of Israel. It cannot explain the passions generated by nationalism and why anyone should fight and die for a country. Ernest Gellner’s conception of the nation through a semi-constructivist lens was in large part due to the historical and social context in which he wrote. To Gellner, homogenization of culture is a societal necessity, not a calculated power grab. This does not mean, however, that Hobsbawm has no tangible theory of nationalism (Hobsbawm: 1990 9-10); Hobsbawm defines nationalism as the ideology that the political and national units should coincide. Thongchai expanded the idea of artificiality as a component of the nation by applying it to what is arguably the most tangible aspect of the nation, its borders and territory, driving the debate even further away from the conservative primordial explanation. Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation. He wrote that “any sufficiently large body of people whose members regard themselves as members of a 'nation', will be treated as such.” 11 This is a deeply constructivist view of nationalism and puts forth the idea that pre-existing and homogenous characteristics of a people group in no way define a nation; rather, it is the recognition of a bond, a fabrication and an artificed entity, that legitimizes the nation. As a student, Thongchai was imprisoned by Thai nationalist forces in a paramilitary assault on a student protest.10 His conception of the nation as a result is actually more anti-primordialist than traditional constructivism as it has the added element of an artificed an unreal territory and geography. ISSN: 2153-5760. It is a construct, a fabricated entity whose existence is a result of its own recognition and not any ethnic, racial, or ideological commonality existing in a people group. Author: Umut Özkirimli Publisher: Macmillan Education UK ... trying to come to grips with it as it soon became clear that nationalism was not simply a temporary stage in the historical evolution of human societies. Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism' Philip S. Gorski University of Wisconsin, Madison Most theorists of nationalism are modernists: they regard national-ism as an essentially modern phenomenon. Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. Ideology is “an inherently subjective collection of ideas, or concepts, about how power should be, or is, ordered within society” [3]. March 2000; American Journal of Sociology 105(5):1428-1468; DOI: 10.1086/210435. 14 May 2015. Print. Constructivism is a blanketed philosophy encompassing all scholarly thought on nationalism derived from the premise that the nation is not mythical nor is it a pre-existing, God-given bond between men. [1] In particular, he focused on the unifying and culturally homogenising roles of the educational systems, national labour markets and improved communication and mobility in the context of urbanisation. Eriksen notes that "nobody contests Ernest Gellner's central place in the research on nationalism over the last few decades". The creation of a modern civil society and the transition from an agrarian lifestyle to an industrial one requires cultural standardization that can only be achieved by fabricating a nation. Representing the work of students from hundreds of institutions around the globe, Inquiries Journal's large database of academic articles is completely free. In the 116th United States Congress, women hold 23.2% of House seats and 25% of Senate seats. Honolulu: U of Hawaii, 1994. "The Nationalism Project: Homepage." Revision:Ernest gellners modernist theory of nationalism Gellner defines nationalism as " a political principle which holds that that political and the national unit should be congruent ". The emergence of social media platforms into American life has remarkably altered the political communication landscape. Nationalism is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as, “loyalty and devotion to a nation; The relationship between realism and nationalism is not clearly articulated in international relations literature. © 2020 Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse LLC. [2], Gellner is considered one of the leading theoreticians on nationalism. Terms of Use :: Privacy Policy :: Contact. These nations and imagined communities are sovereign because the concept was born when Enlightenment destroyed thoughts of divinely-ordained legitimacy and hierarchy.2 These nations are defined as a community because the nation is conceived as a deep fraternity between people and the nation is based on this fraternity, not the shared characteristics that may have created this fraternity in the first place. This article takes issue with the modernist position. The primordial conception of a mythologized nation as something inherent in a people group is absurd. Some Chinese intellectuals, like Lu Xun, attacked Confucianism believing it to be one of the sources of China’s failure to modernize... Fascism cannot adapt to, and exist under, certain prominent, contemporary conditions. These academics have helped to grow the constructivist school of thought from blanketed liberal reactionism in response to rationalized jingoism to an expansion on the thinking surrounding what constitutes a nation, how a nation is formed, and what that means in the context of modern nation-states. A part of the massive Western constructivist machine that was building momentum during the decades in which Gellner first published, he was disabused of any primordialist sentiments he may have felt towards his home country of Czechoslovakia by the violent and anti-Semitic takeover of communism. While Gellner attempts to disabuse people of the notion of a “perennial” or mythologized nation, he also holds with the atypical (for a national constructivist) idea that the nation is necessary and legitimate.6 He believes that nations are conceived and perpetuated in large part by societal elites, but does not agree with the widespread constructivist notion that nations are deliberately created to empower the self-serving elites. Theories of Nationalism A Critical Introduction. Thongchai Winichakul subscribes to the constructivist philosophy of the nation set forth by Anderson and Gellner, that there is nothing inherent or pre-existing about the nation. It fails to account for nationalism in 16th-century Europe. About The Journal | Submissions Territoriality is a vital component in the creation of the collective ‘self’ of the nation and the geo-body is, in and of itself, just another construct artificially created through cartography and discourses of geographical representation.9. N.p., n.d. Web. This essay will attempt to explain the underlying philosophies that exist within the post-primordial and anti-essentialist school of liberal thought and chart the contributions made to the constructivist perception of the nation by focusing on Anderson, Gellner, Winichakul, and Hobsbawm as well as provide appropriate historical background to place these views of the nation in social and intellectual context. The African National Congress is widely credited as the institutional body that effectuated the fall of Apartheid in South Africa. Primordial and Modernist Theories of Nationalism Instructor Date Primordial and Modernist Theories of Nationalism The development of society has always been an interesting topic of discussion with different outlooks to how individuals have developed a form of unification that … Hobsbawm’s special brand of Marxist-constructivist thought precludes the existence of objective nationalism or a nationalist historian, as nationalist thought is fundamentally unsound. Outsider perspectives of migrant and transnational scholars also influenced their work. Thank you for your attention! It is a shifting phenomenon and the result of social thought. One of the first scholars to address this academic shortcoming was Elie Kedourie, a British scholar of the Middle East, who offered a conservative challenging theory against nationalism in his thought-provokin… He states that, “Nations as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent ... political destiny, are a myth; nationalism, which sometimes takes preexisting cultures and turns them into nations, sometimes invents them, and often obliterates pre-existing cultures: that is a reality.” 12. "Theories of Nationalism: A Brief Comparison of Realist and Constructivist Ideas of the Nation." His opinion is influenced by his chosen specialty and case study as well as by the existing constructivist sentiments at the time. London: Verso, 1991. "It is an imagined community—and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign". 14 May 2015. It is the establishment of an anonymous impersonal society, with mutually sustainable atomised individuals, held together above all by a shared culture of this kind, in place of the previous complex structure of local groups, sustained by folk cultures reproduced locally and idiosyncratically by the micro-groups themselves. On one hand, realism and nationalism are viewed as contradictory forces, standing against one another as reason to emotion, reality to identity. His Marxist bottom-up view of the nation portrays the nation and nationalism as lacking uniformity in society and being susceptible to change. The conception of the nation is inherently limited and, in many ways, defined by this limit because all nations, even ones with large populations, still have finite demarcations beyond which other nations can be found. Ernest Gellner was one of the leading theorists of modernism and nationalism. Anthony D. Smith has produced a thorough and comprehensive survey of the diverse theories of nationalism against the background of debates about modernity. Web. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Among the few universalist theories of nationalism one should mention the primordialist and the sociobiological perspectives. [5], For Gellner, nationalism was a sociological condition[5] and a likely but not guaranteed (he noted exceptions in multilingual states like Switzerland, Belgium and Canada[2]) result of modernisation, the transition from agrarian to industrial society. He rejects the idea that nations exist because of any existing bond between peoples. This perspective reveals that national ideology at the top is not reflective of national ideology of the working class, that national identity can be secondary to other forms of self-identification, and that the conception of a nation can and does change, sometimes quite rapidly. 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